Logical fallacies in their modern form and their intellectual and social repercussions

D. Ayman Abdul-Khaleq

Summary
In a new modern method, the study deals with the issue of logical fallacies, which comes second to proof-making in terms of logical importance. In fact, it is even more important for that we much more face it in our daily life, and because of its intellectual and social consequences and repercussions. We have got to present new classifications of fallacy-making differ from what is found in the books of Aristotelian logic, where we turned away from the famous classification of subjective fallacies into verbal and moral ones, and replaced with two divisions: conceptual and confirmational fallacies, and then we divided each division into formal and material fallacies, which, in total, represent the forms of deviation from all logical laws that were classified previously. Thus, logical fallacies became more consistent with logic and the laws of conceptual and confirmational thinking at both of formal and material levels. The other thing that has made this study so important is the detailing of the second section of fallacy created by Sheikh al-Tousi and called, by him, as incidental fallacy. All other logicians followed his method in this concern after his death. At the end of the article, we concluded, in brief, that bad consequences of fallacies that are harmful to human thought and human society, to show how dangerous they are to our life.

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)